CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

Earth Physiology

1. Sketch and Identity three Kinds of muscles in our bodies and give an example of each.
   

2. Briefly describe the five sequences of "electrical neuromuscular events" that regulate the heart's pumping action.
   

3. What muscle is used by the body to move food through the digestive tract and how is it structured to do this?
   

4. 1. Frowning, smiling, closing the eyelids and raising one's eyebrows are made possible through the use of what kind of muscle?
   2. Dancing, walking, and standing are made possible through the use of what kind of muscle?
   3. What is the primary difference between the muscles in A and in B?

5. Identify the two types of muscle fibers and identify which type might be found in three different kinds of athletes.
   

6. Describe the structure in the muscle that is referred to as the "engine of the muscle."
   

7. 1. Identify the basic source of chemical energy for muscle contraction and write its chemical formula.
   2. Explain how energy is extracted from this chemical source.

8. List the three muscle energy systems that are used for various sporting activities and name two activities that each system could support.
   

Space Physiology

1. What happens to muscles in space and why is this so?
   

2. Select one of Dr. Baldwin's hypotheses and, using any of the data sets in this chapter, provide an argument that supports or refutes the hypothesis.
   

3. Describe isotonic contractions and isometric contractions and the difference between the two.
   

4. 1. Name the airplane that is used for microgravity simulation flights.
   2. Sketch and describe the flight pattern that it flies and identify what occurs during the different stages of the flight pattern.

5. The measurement of what muscle characteristic will provide an indication of the fatigue level in a muscle? Describe how such a measurement would be performed.
   

6. Draw an analogy that describes the transmission of a nerve impulse. Describe the similarities and differences between the analog and an actual impulse transmission.
   

7. Explain the terms anabolism and catabolism and their relationship to metabolism.
   

Critical Thinking

1. Define nongravimetric mass and describe the process of mass measurement in space.