CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Describe an analogy that you feel represents the system of blood vessels and how it functions.
   

2. Describe the gas exchange process which takes place in the lungs, including what blood cells are involved.
   

3. Name four factors that affect arterial blood pressure and explain their effect on arterial pressure.
   

4. Describe the three stages of respiration.
   

5. Explain how inspiration occurs and the effect of atmospheric pressure on it.
   

6. Why is pulmonary blood flow equal to cardiac output?
   

7. As blood flows through the heart, what structures prevent the backward flow of blood? Make a sketch of the heart and identify the structures.
   

8. Describe the capillaries and identify their major functions.
   

9. Give the definition of the following respiratory measurements.
   1. Tidal Volume
   2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
   3. Expiratory Reserve Volume
   4. Residual Volume
   
   

Space Physiology

1. What is the affect of gravity on the flow of blood?
   

2. State the parts of an experiment that a scientist must design and carry out to support or refute the assumptions made about the study of interest.
   

3. A. If you designed an experiment and the data did not support the hypothesis how would you use this information?
   B. Can you learn more from being right or being wrong?
   

4. What is the physiological occurrence that causes the "puffy-head syndrome" in an astronaut in space and what is the physical factor that is involved?
   

5. What happens to the central venous pressure (CVP) reading when an astronaut is on the launch pad, during his/her exposure to the high g-levels during the launch and in space?
   

6. Explain what happens to the heart while in space and why.

7. Human function on Earth and in space differ. Describe how scientists explain the differences.

   
   
   

8. What abnormal condition is observed in astronauts after they return to Earth? What is it called and how do doctors test for it in the returning astronaut?
   

1. In a mixture of gases, the individual gases are responsible for a proportion of the total pressure produced by the mixture. The pressure that each gas creates is called partial pressure. Air is 21% OF and, therefore, is responsible for 21% of the total atmospheric pressure. Diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the blood cells of the capillaries is a result of differences in partial pressure. Since the partial pressure of O2 is greater in the alveolus, it moves into the blood. On the other hand the partial pressure of CO2 is greater in the blood, causing it to diffuse from the blood into the alveolus.

   Given: Atmospheric pressure of 760mm Hg
   Find: Partial Pressure of Oxygen

2. Describe the pathway of a red blood cell {RBC) as it travels through the heart.

3. A. If an astronaut stands "upside down" on his/her head in space, does blood rush to his/her head like on Earth? Explain.
   B. What normal, everyday activities would be difficult, if not impossible, to carry out in the microgravity environment of space?